Rhetorical Analysis of E B. Whites The Ring of Time

One way to develop our own essay-writing skills is to examine how professional writers achieve a range of different effects in their essays. Such a study is called a rhetorical analysis--or, to use Richard Lanhams more fanciful term, a lemon squeezer. The sample rhetorical analysis that follows takes a look at an essay by E. B. White titled The Ring of Time--found in our Essay Sampler: Models of Good Writing (Part 4) and accompanied by a reading quiz. But first a word of caution. Dont be put off by the numerous grammatical and rhetorical terms in this analysis: some (such as adjective clause and appositive, metaphor and simile) may already be familiar to you; others can be deduced from the context; all are defined in our Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms. That said, if you have already read The Ring of Time, you should be able to skip over the stranger looking terms and still follow the key points raised in this rhetorical analysis. After reading this sample analysis, try applying some of the strategies in a study of your own. See our Tool Kit for Rhetorical Analysis and Discussion Questions for Rhetorical Analysis: Ten Topics for Review. The Rider and the Writer in "The Ring of Time": A Rhetorical Analysis In The Ring of Time, an essay set in the gloomy winter quarters of a circus, E. B. White appears not yet to have learned the first piece of advice he was to impart a few years later in The Elements of Style: Write in a way that draws the readers attention to the sense and substance of the writing, rather than to the mood and temper of the author. . . .[T]o achieve style, begin by affecting none--that is, place yourself in the background. (70) Far from keeping to the background in his essay, White steps into the ring to signal his intentions, reveal his emotions, and confess his artistic failure. Indeed, the sense and substance of The Ring of Time are inextricable from the authors mood and temper (or ethos). Thus, the essay may be read as a study of the styles of two performers: a young circus rider and her self-conscious recording secretary. In Whites opening paragraph, a mood-setting prelude, the two main characters stay hidden in the wings: the practice ring is occupied by the young riders foil, a middle-aged woman in a conical straw hat; the narrator (submerged in the plural pronoun we) assumes the languorous attitude of the crowd. The attentive stylist, however, is already performing, evoking a hypnotic charm that invite[s] boredom. In the abrupt opening sentence, active verbs and verbals carry an evenly measured report: After the lions had returned to their cages, creeping angrily through the chutes, a little bunch of us drifted away and into an open doorway nearby, where we stood for awhile in semidarkness, watching a big brown circus horse go harumphing around the practice ring. The metonymic harumphing is delightfully onomatopoetic, suggesting not only the sound of the horse but also the vague dissatisfaction felt by the onlookers. Indeed, the charm of this sentence resides primarily in its subtle sound effects: the alliterative cages, creeping and big brown; the assonant through the chutes; and the homoioteleuton of away . . . doorway. In Whites prose, such sound patterns appear frequently but unobtrusively, muted as they are by a  diction that is commonly informal, at times colloquial (a little bunch of us and, later, we kibitzers). Informal diction also serves to disguise the formality of the syntactic patterns favored by White, represented in this opening sentence by the balanced arrangement of the subordinate clause and present participial phrase on either side of the main clause. The use of informal (though precise and melodious) diction embraced by an evenly measured syntax gives Whites prose both the conversational ease of the running style and the controlled emphasis of the periodic.  It is no accident, therefore, that his first sentence begins with a time marker (after) and ends with the central metaphor of the essay--ring. In between, we learn that the spectators are standing in semidarkness, thus anticipating the bedazzlement of a circus rider to follow and the illuminating metaphor in the essays final line. White adopts a more paratactic style in the remainder of the opening paragraph, thus both reflecting and blending the dullness of the repetitious routine and the languor felt by the onlookers. The quasi-technical description in the fourth sentence, with its pair of prepositionally embedded adjective clauses (by which . . .; of which . . .) and its Latinate diction (career, radius, circumference, accommodate, maximum), is notable for its efficiency rather than its spirit. Three sentences later, in a yawning tricolon, the speaker draws together his unfelt observations, maintaining his role as spokesman for a dollar-conscious crowd of thrill-seekers. But at this point, the reader may begin to suspect the irony underlying the narrators identification with the crowd. Lurking behind the mask of we is an I: one who has elected not to describe those entertaining lions in any detail, one who, in fact, does want more . . . for a dollar. Immediately, then, in the opening sentence of the second paragraph, the narrator forsakes the role of group spokesman (Behind  me  I heard someone say . . . ) as a low voice responds to the  rhetorical question  at the end of the first paragraph. Thus, the two main characters of the essay appear simultaneously: the independent voice of the narrator emerging from the crowd; the girl emerging from the darkness (in a dramatic  appositive  in the next sentence) and--with quick distinction--emerging likewise from the company of her peers (any of two or three dozen showgirls). Vigorous verbs dramatize the girls arrival: she squeezed, spoke, stepped, gave, and swung. Replacing the dry and efficient  adjective clauses  of the first paragraph are far more active  adverb clauses,  absolutes, and  participial phrases. The girl is adorned with sensuous  epithets  (cleverly proportioned, deeply browned by the sun, dusty, eager, and almost naked) and greeted with the musi c of  alliteration  and  assonance  (her dirty little feet fighting, new note, quick distinction). The paragraph concludes, once again, with the image of the circling horse; now, however, the young girl has taken the place of her mother, and the independent narrator has replaced the  voice  of the crowd. Finally, the chanting that ends the paragraph prepares us for the enchantment soon to follow. But in the next  paragraph, the girls ride is momentarily interrupted as the writer steps forward to introduce his own performance--to serve as his own ringmaster. He begins by defining his role as a mere recording secretary, but soon, through the  antanaclasis  of . . . a circus rider. As a writing  man ...  ., he parallels his task with that of the circus performer. Like her, he belongs to a select society; but, again like her, this particular performance is distinctive (it is not easy to communicate anything of this nature). In a  paradoxical  tetracolon climax  midway through the paragraph, the writer describes both his own world and that of the circus performer: Out of its wild disorder comes order; from its rank smell rises the good aroma of courage and daring; out of its preliminary shabbiness comes the final splendor. And buried in the familiar boasts of its advance agents lies the modesty of most of its people. Such observations echo Whites remarks in the preface to  A Subtreasury of American Humor: Here, then, is the very nub of the conflict: the careful form of art, and the careless shape of life itself (Essays  245). Continuing in the third paragraph, by way of earnestly repeated phrases (at its best . . . at its best) and structures (always bigger . . . always greater), the narrator arrives at his charge: to catch the circus unawares to experience its full impact and share its gaudy dream. And yet, the magic and enchantment of the riders actions cannot be captured by the writer; instead, they must be created through the medium of language. Thus, having called attention to his responsibilities as an essayist, White invites the reader to observe and judge his own performance as well as that of the circus girl he has set out to describe.  Style--of the rider, of the writer--has become the subject of the essay. The bond between the two performers is reinforced by the  parallel structures  in the opening sentence of the fourth paragraph: The ten-minute ride the girl took achieved--as far as I was concerned, who wasnt looking for it, and quite unbeknownst to her, who wasnt even striving for it--the thing that is sought by performers everywhere. Then, relying heavily on  participial phrases  and  absolutes  to convey the action, White proceeds in the rest of the paragraph to describe the girls performance. With an amateurs eye (a few knee-stands--or whatever they are called), he focuses more on the girls quickness and confidence and grace than on her athletic prowess. After all, [h]er brief tour, like an essayists, perhaps, included only elementary postures and tricks. What White appears to admire most, in fact, is the efficient way she repairs her broken strap while continuing on course. Such delight in the  eloquent  response to a mishap is a familiar note in Whites work, as in the young boys cheerful report of the trains great--big--BUMP! in The World of Tomorrow (One Mans Meat  63). The clownish significance of the girls mid-routine repair appears to correspond to Whites view of the essayist, whose escape from discipline is only a partial escape: the essay, although a relaxed form, imposes its own disciplin es, raises its own problems (Essays  viii). And the spirit of the paragraph itself, like that of the circus, is jocund, yet charming, with its balanced phrases and clauses, its now-familiar sound effects, and its casual extension of the light  metaphor--improving a shining ten minutes. The fifth paragraph is marked by a shift in  tone--more serious now--and a corresponding elevation of style. It opens with  epexegesis: The richness of the scene was in its plainness, its natural condition . . .. (Such a  paradoxical  observation is reminiscent of Whites comment in  The Elements: to achieve style, begin by affecting none [70]. And the sentence continues with a euphonious itemization: of  horse, of  ring, of girl, even to the girls bare feet that gripped the bare back of her proud and ridiculous  mount. Then, with growing intensity,  correlative  clauses are augmented with  diacope  and  tricolon: The enchantment grew not out of anything that happened or was performed but out of something that seemed to go round and around and around with the girl, attending her, a steady gleam in the shape of a circle--a ring of ambition, of happiness, of youth. Extending this  asyndetic  pattern, White builds the paragraph to a  climax  through  isocolon  and  chiasmus  as he looks to the future: In a week or two, all would be changed, all (or almost all) lost: the girl would wear makeup, the horse would wear gold, the ring would be painted, the bark would be clean for the feet of the horse, the girls feet would be clean for the slippers that shed wear. And finally, perhaps recalling his responsibility to preserve unexpected items of . . . enchantment, he cries out (ecphonesis  and  epizeuxis): All, all would be lost. In admiring the balance achieved by the rider (the positive pleasures of equilibrium under difficulties), the narrator is himself unbalanced by a painful vision of mutability. Briefly, at the opening of the sixth paragraph, he attempts a reunion with the crowd (As I watched with the others . . . ), but finds there neither comfort nor escape. He then makes an effort to redirect his vision, adopting the perspective of the young rider: Everything in the hideous old building seemed to take the shape of a circle, conforming to the course of the horse. The  parechesis  here is not just musical ornamentation (as he observes in  The Elements, Style has no such separate entity) but a sort of aural metaphor--the conforming sounds articulating his vision. Likewise, the  polysyndeton  of the next sentence creates the circle he describes: [Tlhen time itself began running in circles, and so the beginning was where the end was, and the two were the same, and one thing ran into the next and time went round and around and got nowhere. Whites sense of times circularity and his illusory identification with the girl are as intense and complete as the sensation of timelessness and the imagined transposition of father and son that he dramatizes in  Once More to the Lake.  Here, however, the experience is momentary, less whimsical, more fearful from the start. Though he has shared the girls perspective, in a dizzying instant almost become her, he still maintains a sharp  image  of her aging and changing. In particular, he imagines her in the center of the ring, on foot, wearing a conical hat--thus echoing his descriptions in the first paragraph of the middle-aged woman (whom he presumes is the girls mother), caught in the treadmill of an afternoon. In this fashion, therefore, the essay itself becomes circular, with images recalled and moods recreated. With mixed tenderness and envy, White defines the girls illusion: [S]he believes she can go once  round  the ring, make one complete circuit, and at the end be exactly the same age as at the start. The  commoratio  in this sentence and the  asyndeton  in the next contribute to the gentle, almost reverential tone as the writer passes from protest to acceptance. Emotionally and rhetorically, he has mended a broken strap in mid-performance. The paragraph concludes on a whimsical note, as time is  personified  and the writer rejoins the crowd: And then I slipped back into my trance, and time was circular again--time, pausing quietly with the rest of us, so as not to disturb the balance of a performer--of a rider, of a writer. Softly the essay seems to be gliding to a close. Short,  simple sentences  mark the girls departure: her disappearance through the door apparently signaling the end of this enchantment. In the final paragraph, the writer--admitting that he has failed in his effort to describe what is indescribable--concludes his own performance. He apologizes, adopts a  mock-heroic  stance, and compares himself to an acrobat, who also must occasionally try a stunt that is too much for him. But he is not quite finished. In the long penultimate sentence, heightened by  anaphora  and  tricolon  and pairings, echoing with circus images and alight with metaphors, he makes a last gallant effort to describe the indescribable: Under the bright lights of the finished show, a performer need only reflect the electric candle power that is directed upon him; but in the dark and dirty old training rings and in the makeshift cages, whatever light is generated, whatever excitement, whatever beauty, must come from original sources--from internal fires of professional hunger and delight, from the exuberance and gravity of youth. Likewise, as White has demonstrated throughout his essay, it is the romantic duty of the writer to find inspiration within so that he may create and not just copy. And what he creates must exist in the style of his performance as well as in the materials of his act. Writers do not merely reflect and interpret life, White once observed in an interview; they inform and shape life (Plimpton and Crowther 79). In other words (those of the final line of The Ring of Time), It is the difference between planetary light and the combustion of stars. (R. F. Nordquist, 1999) Sources Plimpton, George A., and Frank H. Crowther. The Art of the Essay: E. B. White.  The Paris Review. 48 (Fall 1969): 65-88.Strunk, William, and E. B. White.  The Elements of Style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1979.White, E[lwyn] B[rooks]. The Ring of Time. 1956. Rpt.  The Essays of E. B. White. New York: Harper, 1979.

Profit Maximization Through Innovation Technologies

Background Agricultural industry is one of the most important industries of Uzbekistan. Agriculture sector employs 28% of Uzbekistan s labor force and generates 24% of its GDP (Uzreport, 2006). Therefore further development of agricultural industry in Uzbekistan is crucial for Uzbek nation. According to UNDP within the next 20 years, the world will gain another 1.4 billion people. Representing a 25-percent increase in global population, most of these people will live in the expanding urban centers of developing countries and will add greatly to the world’s demand for food. Demand for food products will increase. Meeting these increased food demands will be opportunity for the world’s agricultural producers as well as for Uzbek†¦show more content†¦Innovation in agriculture and sub-industries can be a key driver of poverty reduction in poor rural economies (OECD,2010).The impact on the environment could also be major while using water efficient technologies watering mor e efficiently and less wastefully. This includes drip irrigation systems, desalination, recycling, or drought-resistant plants. Such technologies already have been applied in USA and EU countries which enable farmers to improve profitability by using less fertilizer and pesticides, with little or no fall in yields, through the adoption of new methods.(Gurria, 2010.) Another highlighted issue in literature is greenhouse emissions caused by natural gas burning. Natural gas is mostly used energy type in greenhouse industry . Greenhouse gas emissions included approximately 465,000 metric tons of CO2, 9 metric tons of CH4 and 7 metric tons of N2O in 2006 worldwide (BD, 2010). Negative impact of natural gas to environment also another need to develop new energy saving technologies and secure new renewable energy sources that can substitute for fossil fuels are very urgent. According to Choi (2008) energy recovery from wastes is being internationally recognized as a reliable method to re duce greenhouse gases which have negative influence to climate. Research question and objectives Research question: What kinds of innovation technologies are practiced in greenhouse production in worldwide and does an implementing innovationShow MoreRelatedIs Corporate Social Responsibility a Way to Cover Exorbitant Charges1268 Words   |  6 PagesContents 1. Introduction 2 2. Motivations behind CSR 2 2.1 Self-Interest 2 2.2 Ethics 2 3. 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Responses towards Federalist -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: How would Rousseau and Burke respond to Madison's arguments in Federalist #10 about the causes and cures for Political faction? Answer: Madison in his essay, Federalist #10, argues about the ways that may be used to eliminate the negative effects of the faction. According to Madison, faction refers to a number of citizens who may form either a majority or a minority of the total population (Madison 1787). This section of the population may have a certain common interest or passion that is contrary to the interests of the other citizens or to the aggregate interests of the whole community. This common interest is observed to have united them against the total population of the state. According to Madison, the most serious sources of the faction is the diversity in the opinion regarding the political life which in turn leads to the dispute over the issues that deal with the preference of one religion or regime over the others. Madison further argues that the idea of faction may hamper the republic in a varied number of ways. The injustice, instability and the confusion introduced by the factions may increase the condit ions that may lead to the perishing of the republics. Rousseau contradicts with Madison on this issue. According to Rousseau, the will of a faction is not the expression of the individual will of the residents of the state but the expression of the private interests of a group of individuals. Thus, the laws or the policies that are enacted on such a will are termed to be illegitimate. The Swiss political thinker argues that the general will results from the number of smaller differences over the public good unlike the differences in the wills of the faction that may be larger. According to Madison, the factions, though at odds with each other, work in unison against the interest of the public and lay infringements upon the rights of the other fellow citizens. The rival factions bring about political instability that concern both the opponents and the supporters of the concerned plan. It is mostly seen that the government is blamed by the general public after being disillusioned by the politicians. The factions are dependent heavily on the difference among the citizens based on the wealth and property that they own. It is basic human nature to fraternize with those who have similarity among themselves in the fields of the property and wealth. The most common source for the origin of the factions is the inequality in the distribution of the property among the residents of the country. Madison had, in the essay, referred to the rise of a dreaded faction in the country. The majority faction in this case would include those classes of the society that which do not own the properties while the minority factions would consist of the wealthiest owners of property in the country. The majority faction may gain control over the government and thereby gain the position to implement various measures that would bring about the redistribution of the wealth in the country. These measures may bring about the redistribution in a number of ways that may benefit the majority faction at the cost of the minority faction. Rousseau opines that the division of the labor and the invention of the property represent the advent of the moral inequality. According to the Swiss political thinker, the possession of a certain amount of property sets the path of exploitation and the domination of the poor by the rich members of the society. The initial relationship that exists between the rich an d the poor is observed to be very unstable and dangerous and may even lead to the situations of a violence like that of a war. The poor, according to Rousseau is tricked into the creation of a political society in order to avoid a warlike situation (Rousseau 2010). Madison had argued that the damages caused by the factions might be controlled by two different ways. The removal of the causes that led to the emergence of the faction or the control of the effects that resulted from the factions. Madison then goes on to describe the ways that may be used to aid the removal of the faction. The first method that may be used to remove the factions is by taking steps to the destruction of the liberty. Liberty serves to encourage the formation of factions among the citizens. This measure is impossible to execute as liberty forms one of the basic components that is related to the political lives of the citizens of the concerned country. The second way out that was suggested by Madison was the creation of a society that is homogeneous in nature from the point of interests and opinions. This measure is practically impossible to implement in the practical field. The diversity in the ability of the people is the primary reason behind the success of the conce rned person. The government should protect the right of inequality in the ownership of property. Rousseau agrees to the fact stated by Madison that the society should ideally be homogeneous in nature in order to avoid the creation of a majority faction amongst the citizens. According to Madison, the stratification on the economic grounds stops the members of the society from having a similar opinion. Thus, Madison concludes that the only way to limit the damages caused by the factions is by controlling the effects that the faction has on the government. Madison further argues that there are two ways to keep the majority factions in control. The prevention of the existence of a similar interest or passion among the majority of the population at a certain period of time. The other way to keep the majority faction in check is to leave the considered faction in a state of inactivity. He opines that a democracy that is small in size may not be able to avoid the problems that arise because the undesirable passions have the chances to spread at a faster rate when the total size of the population is small. Thus, the majority faction may exercise its will on the government if the total population is small enough. According to Madison, the nature of human beings has the latent reasons for faction. He, therefore, opines that the only remedy to this issue is exercising control over the effects of the inherent nature of the human beings. Madison himself argues that the remedy cannot be applied in a democracy but can be implemented in a republic. The democracy, according to Madison, is a system in which all the citizens of the state have the rights to vote for the laws of the land in a direct manner. He describes the republic as a society wherein the citizens elect an elite group of representatives who in turn vote and decide on the laws of the land. Rousseau contradicts Madison on the definition of the republic. He describes a republic as any state that is governed by a certain legislature. The governance by a certain legislature makes governance of the public interest possible and thus helps in the existence of the commonwealth. Madison believes that the voice of the people that is put forward by the representative body is more helpful to the welfare of the community as a whole. He cites that the decisions made by the common people residing in the society may be influenced by their own self-interests. Thus, the decision made by the direct voting of the citizens may not look into the welfare of the community as a whole. Madison justifies that the candidates elected may have a chance of creating a disillusion in the minds of the voters in a republic with a lower number of residents while they may find it difficult to do the same in a republic with a larger population. The Swiss diplomat, Rousseau, states that the republics with a smaller population may find the majorities more frequently than those with a larger population. Thus, this would facilitate the lawmakers to work together towards the achievement of the goals set by the ideas of the majority faction. In a larger republic, however, the rulers and the lawmakers may find it difficult to work together on the issues that are raised by the majority faction in the country. They might find it difficult to work together even with a majority due to the larger number of the members of the country that is spread out over a larger expanse of land. According to Madison, a republic differs from the democracy in the fact that the governance of the republic is taken care of by the delegates of the state. Thus, a republic may function over a larger area than a democracy. The fact that each member of the representative body is chosen from a large constituency lowers the effectiveness of the corruptions common in the field of electioneering. In the republic government, the members of the government have the opportunity to filter as well as refine the demands that are placed by the resident members of the state. This helps in the prevention of the frivolous claims that hamper the governments that are purely democratic. The creation of a political society fixes the conditions of domination that existed in the society while the poor live with the belief that a political society is created in order to look into the fact that the security and freedom of the poor is secure in the hands of the government. This form of government may lead to the condition whereby the leader of the state would rule the nation in an unjust manner. This type of rule is also known as despotism. According to the Swiss diplomat, Rousseau, the worst form of the modern society is the one in which the wealth of a person becomes the only way to measure the value of the person. Property, according to Rousseau, is a tool that helps in the construction of the society. He argues that the right to property is an intrinsic and sacred right of the members of the society. Rousseau opines that the breaching of this right cannot be justified in any ways except for the taxation on the property. Property affects the preservation of life. It is thus, considered to be more important than the right to liberty itself. Rousseau points out the ways in which the people from a lower financial background are exploited by the people who belong to the higher financial backgrounds. This leads to the rise of the practice of injustice in the society. Rousseau is observed to support the republic form of government. He believed that the higher the population of a state the higher the chances of electing a better representative for the common masses. He finds that the republics that consist of a larger population have lower chances of being affected by the whims and fancies of the majority factions of the state. The larger expanse of the republic lowers the chances of the state facing problems with the majority rule in the territory. Burke, unlike Madison, was a believer in the status of the resident members of the state. He believes in the theory of conservatism whereas Rousseau and Madison were stern followers of the concept of inequality among the rich and the poor sections of the society. Burke was a stern believer in the concept of conservatism unlike Rousseau who was a liberalist. Burke opined that the residents of the society should be allowed the right to freedom but they must be educated on the ways to handle the concepts of freedom (Burke 1987). He further argued that the excess of the liberty granted to the members of the society might be the reason of the problems that arise. Burke was a practical thinker who opined that the basic nature of all human being is selfishness. He put forward the argument that the changes should be brought about at a slower pace in the society. According to Burke, the French Revolution gave the rights to the people to elect their own representatives and form the governmenta l bodies according to their own likes and dislikes. According to Burke, the revolution that took place in the year 1688 was termed to be a deviation from the lawful chronology of succession. In conclusion, to the above discussion it may be said that both Rousseau and Burke disagreed with the arguments of Madison that have been discussed in the Federalist #10 regarding the causes and cure of political faction. Madison viewed the concept of property as a right to the members who are residing in the society. On the contrary, Rousseau viewed the ownership of the property to be a tool that can be used to for the construction of a society. They both agreed on the fact that the poor section of the society was exploited by the rich members of the society. Thus, the need for the formation of a republic was necessary in order to prevent the breakdown of the society. References Burke, Edmund. "Reflections on the Revolution in France and on the Proceedings in Certain Societies in London Relative to That Event in a Letter to a Gentleman in Paris, 1790, ed. JGA Pocock."JGA Pocock (Cambridge: Hackett, 1987)62 (1987). Madison, James. "The federalist no. 10."November22, no. 1787 (1787): 1787-88. Rousseau, Jean-Jacques.The basic political writings. Hackett Publishing, 2010.